6 The concept of ikiyubi as presented by Aceti et al implies that the performer of yubitsume is not necessarily an offender, which runs counter to the strongly punitive connotation of the ritual. 3 When the offender voluntarily amputates his finger to avoid heavier punishment, the amputated finger is called shuniyubi, which means “dead finger”, and when a yakuza member undergoes yubitsume to resolve a conflict, the amputated finger is called ikiyubi, which means “living finger”, and is a symbol of sincere loyalty. Battered by hardships, brutality, and the degradation and death of her children, she ultimately finds herself alone with the one. The boss may decide that yubitsume is not satisfactory for atonement, and the member may have to commit seppuku, which is suicide by self-disembowelment, 7 or be expelled from the yakuza. Set in the seventeenth century, the play follows Anna Fierling - 'Mother Courage' - an itinerant trader, as she pulls her wagon of wares and her children through the blood and carnage of Europes religious wars. Aceti et al 6 contend that yubitsume normally is not imposed as punishment but instead results from the offender’s own decision to demonstrate his repentance in the hope of avoiding more serious punishment, or is performed to solve a problem or conflict for which the sacrificing party is not responsible.
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